唐纳德-特朗普因煽动暴徒袭击美国国会大厦而被弹劾。那么在暴力事件发生之前，总统究竟说了什么？

2021年1月14日，作者：Sam Cabral

1月6日，数千人聚集在为挑战选举结果而组织的 "拯救美国" 集会上，他们在白宫附近聆听了特朗普先生对他们的讲话。

Thousands gathered at a "Save America" rally organized to challenge the election result and they listened as Mr. Trump spoke to them near the White House.

在70分钟的讲话中，他鼓励他们向国会进军，政客们当时在那里开会确认民主党人拜登的总统选举胜利。总统的讲话得到集会听众的掌声后不久，对国会的攻击就开始了。

In a 70-minute address, he exhorted them to march on Congress where politicians had met to certify Democrat Joe Biden's win. The attack began moments after he took the applause.

总统的讲话内容现在成为他被第二次弹劾的主要根据，这次弹劾是在国会经过一天的辩论后启动的。（译者注：特朗普第一次被弹劾是在2019年年底，原因是特朗普总统逼迫乌克兰总统启动对政敌的调查，被认为是滥用权力。）

Those words have now played a central part in his second impeachment, which happened after a day of debate in Congress.

那么特朗普总统在1月6日的集会上究竟说了什么呢？以下是五段关键性的引文，随后是巴尔的摩大学埃普斯教授的一些法律分析。

So what did he say? Here are five key quotes, followed by some legal analysis from Professor Garrett Epps of the University of Baltimore.

“我们赢得了这次选举，而且是以塌方式的优势赢得了选举 We won this election, and we won it by a landslide”

这是特朗普总统讲话的第3分钟时说的话，他重复了之前的一个不实的说法。民主党称这是他们认为总统煽动的开端，不仅仅是因为他在（1月6日）这一天说了这句话，而是因为他在几个星期之前就这么说了。

This is three minutes into his speech and repeats a false claim that Democrats say is the starting point for the incitement charge - not just because he said it on this day but for weeks before.

这句话出现在民主党人准备的弹劾条款的指控表格中，并在周三（1月13日）得到了国会下院的支持（译者注：即众议院投票通过）。

This quote appears in the articles of impeachment - the charge sheet - prepared by Democrats and which was backed by the lower chamber of Congress on Wednesday.

在（1月6日国会参众两院联合确认选举结果的）联合会议之前的几个月里，特朗普总统多次发表虚假声明，声称总统选举结果是广泛欺诈的产物，不应该被美国人民所接受，也不应该被各州或联邦官员确认。在联合会议开始前不久，特朗普总统，在华盛顿特区的椭圆广场向人群发表讲话。在那里，他重申了 "我们赢得了这次选举，我们以塌方式的优势赢得了这次选举" 的错误说法。

In the months preceding the Joint Session, President Trump repeatedly issued false statements asserting that the Presidential election results were the product of widespread fraud and should not be accepted by the American people or certified by State or Federal officials. Shortly before the Joint Session commenced, President Trump, addressed a crowd at the Ellipse in Washington, DC. There, he reiterated false claims that "we won this election, and we won it by a landslide."

现在，弹劾案将进入共和党控制的参议院进行审判。

It now goes to the Republican-controlled Senate for a trial.

“我们将阻止骗选 We will stop the steal”

特朗普用这句话重申了抵抗拜登先生大选胜利的运动的口号。这个运动是在总统选举有了结果那天（注：这里指的是1月7日媒体报告各州选举结果）之后开始的。这个运动很快在社交媒体上快速蔓延，并引发了在美国各地的集会。其中规模最大的一次是特朗普在（1月6日）这一刻讲话的集会。

Here Trump is echoing the hashtag of the movement to fight Mr. Biden's election victory, which was started a day after the result was declared. It soon gathered pace on social media and led to rallies across the US. The largest one yet was the one Trump was addressing in this moment.

“我们永远不会放弃。我们永远不会认输。认输不会发生 We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn't happen。”

特朗普先生在这儿是用最明确的措辞表示，他永远不会接受乔-拜登的胜利。而这一次，他是在劝说他的支持者加入他的行列。

This is Mr Trump saying in the clearest terms yet that he will never accept Joe Biden's win. And this time he is exhorting his supporters to join him.

他接着说： "当涉及到偷窃选票时，你不会让步。我们的国家已经受够了。我们不会再忍受了。"

He went on: "You don't concede when there's theft involved. Our country has had enough. We will not take it anymore."

在讲演中的一个时刻，总统说拜登的总统职位必须受到挑战。

At one point, the president says the Biden presidency has to be challenged.

"（如果拜登就职）你们就会有一个非法的总统。一个非法总统就是你们将得到的结果。不能让这种情况发生。"

"You will have an illegitimate president. That is what you will have, and we can't let that happen."

“如果你们不像地狱般地战斗，你们就不会再有一个国家了 If you don't fight like hell you're not going to have a country anymore。”

这是（弹劾书中）的指控表中引用的特朗普先生演讲中最长的一句话。如果弹劾案在参议院开庭审理，这也可能是他的律师感到最难为特朗普辩护的一句话。

This is the longest quote from Mr. Trump's speech that appears in the charge sheet. It could also be the one that his lawyers will find hardest to defend if the impeachment goes to trial in the Senate.

他这些话，放在讲话的上下文中，鼓励、并可预见地导致了在国会大厦的不法行动。

“和平地、爱国地发出你们的声音 Peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard。”

这是特朗普先生演讲中的一部分，他的辩护人抓住了这部分内容，以表明他从未煽动人群。

This is the part of Mr Trump's speech that his defenders have seized on to show that he never incited the crowd.

他说："我知道这里的每个人很快就会游行到国会大厦，和平地、爱国地发出你们的声音。"

He said: "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard."

这段语言与其他部分很不一样，其他部分更多的是借用战斗或战争语言。

The language is very different from other sections which borrow more from combat or war.

“我们要去国会大厦。”

总统使用 "我们"，但当他的支持者从集会地点走到到国会大厦这段不长的路程时，他没有加入他们。

The president uses "we" but he didn't join them as his supporters took the short walk from the rally to Congress.

他说："我们要走到国会大厦去，我们将为我们勇敢的参议员和众议员们（译者注：指的是支持特朗普总统推翻选举结果的议员）欢呼， 我们可能不会为他们中的另一些人（译者注：指的是不支持特朗普总统推翻选举结果的议员）欢呼。"

He said: "We're going to walk down to the Capitol and we're going to cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women, and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them."

埃普斯教授的分析：法律规定什么是煽动？ What is incitement under the law?

根据宪法第一修正案，除非符合某些标准，煽动不是一种犯罪。首先，煽动必须是有意造成暴力（人们根据具体情形推断出这种意图）。煽动还必须是有可能导致暴力。如果我去市中心，对站在银行门口的两个醉汉说："我们现在就去抢银行吧"，我并没有真正煽动了任何人，因为他们不太可能去抢银行。它必须有可能引起--这是非常重要的--即将发生的暴力行动。

Incitement is not a crime under the First Amendment unless it meets certain criteria. First of all, it has to be intended to cause violence (and you infer that intent from the circumstances). It also has to be likely to cause violence. If I go downtown and I say to two drunks standing in front of a bank "let's rob this bank right now", I haven't really incited anybody because it's not very likely they'll rob the bank. It has to be likely to cause - and this is very important - imminent violent action.

如果我说，让我们明天在这里见面捣毁银行吧，我也没煽动，因为根据最高法院的说法，人们有时间让更好的思考（译者注：即还是不要抢银行的观念）占上风，也就是说，对（煽动）言论的补救就是更多的言论。所以煽动罪需要有针对性并可能引起迫在眉睫的暴力行动。

If I say let's meet here tomorrow and rip things up, I'm not inciting because - in the words of the Supreme Court - where there is time for better counsels to prevail, the remedy for speech is more speech. So it needs to be directed to and likely to cause imminent violent action.

如果这是在一个法庭，特朗普越过法律边界了吗？

If this was a court of law, does Trump cross the line?

很少有人能被判处煽动罪。如果煽动罪用到总统在（1月6日）周三集会上的讲话，这是一个折磨我们的思考的难案。这是一个相当成问题的迫在眉睫的情形， 因为特朗普告诉人们要向国会大厦进军， 而我将和你们一起进军。没有时间允许更智慧的意见取得上风了，因为人们马上要离开椭圆区，沿着宾夕法尼亚走去（国会大厦）了。他说我们要战斗，要显示力量，但他也说我们很和平地、很爱国地去质询（国会议员），所以他也在掩护自己。我认为最终这是一个由陪审团裁决的问题。

It's quite rare that somebody can be convicted of incitement. In applying that to the president's speech at the Wednesday rally, it's an agonizingly close case. It's pretty goddamn imminent because he's telling people to march to the Capitol and I will march with you. There wouldn't be any time for better counsels to prevail because you're just going to leave the Ellipse and walk down Pennsylvania Avenue. He says we have to fight and show strength, but he also said we're very peacefully and patriotically going to ask, so he's covering himself. In the end, I think it's a jury question.

我不确定从法律上他是否可以让（参议员）撤销弹劾指控。有一些政府领导应该有更多的余地的说法， 但我不知道在这个案子会如何演绎。特朗普清楚地知道人群中有人准备并打算使用暴力，他也绝对没有做任何事情来阻止这一点。他不仅没有做任何事情来阻止它，他强烈暗示这种暴力应该发生。

I'm not sure he's entitled to a dismissal of charges as a matter of law. There's some discussion that government leaders have more leeway, but I don't know how that would play out. He clearly knew there were people in that crowd who were ready to and intended to be violent, and he certainly did nothing to discourage that. He not only did nothing to discourage it, he strongly hinted it should happen.

特朗普律师朱利安尼在集会上的讲话

除了特朗普总统讲话之外，他的律师也在会上讲话，激励听众去找国会议员，呼吁 “让我们来一个战斗审判(let's have a trial-by-combat）” 的方式推翻选举结果。

“trial-by-combat” 的意思是通过战斗来裁判对错，也称战斗赌博或司法决斗。是日耳曼法律在没有证人或供词的情况下解决指控的一种方法，在这种方法中，争议双方进行单挑；战斗的胜利者被宣布为正确。实质上，这是一种司法认可的决斗。它在整个欧洲中世纪一直在使用，在16世纪期间逐渐消失。